Community Forestry Case Study
Series 11
by Kumar P. Upadhyay
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Chapter 2 - Physical Environment and Land Use in Bhutan
Area and population
Physical characteristics
Vegetation
Farming systems and practices
Livestock grazingForest cover
Forest management
Rights, privileges and ownership of forest resourcesChapter 3 - Perms Gatshel: The Study Area
Physical characteristics of the study area
Population,settlement pattern and land use
Major crops and land management practices in cultivated land
Chapter 4 - The State of Shifting Cultivation in the Study Area
Shifting cultivation in Bhutan
Districts with critical shifting cultivation problems
Government policy on shifting cultivationThe shifting cultivators of Pema Gatshel
Historical background
Local farmers' attitude towards shifting cultivation practices
Area covered by shifting cultivation practices in Pema Gatshel
Field practices in shifting cultivation
Labour requirements and returns in shifting cultivation
Factors influencing continuation of shifting cultivation practices in Peina Gatshel
The importance of shifting cultivation in Pema Gatshel
Impact of shifting cultivation practices
Farmers' perception of alternatives to shifting cultivationChapter 5 - Developing a Model for the Gradual Phasing-Out of Shifting Cultivation
The case for a gradualreduction of shifting cultivation
A proposed model for a three-stage programme to reduce shifting cultivation
Years 0-5: the pilot demonstration and infrastructure development phase
Years 5-10: the consolidation phase
Years 10-15: the expansion phaseEssential elements for the design of the pilot project.
Criteria for site selection for the pilot demonstration project
Objectives of the pilot demonstration project
Programmes and activities for immediate implementation under the pilot project
Benefits and outputs expected from the pilot projectChapter 6 - Discussion and Conclusions
Factors influencing evolution of present land use
The biophysical setting: the principal factor in land use
The influence of population dynamics
Land allotment practices and access to public land
The influence of economic development on land use changes
Issues related to inefficient land utilization and low production per unit area
Issues related to environmental degradation due to inappropriate land use practices
Difficulties related to implementing intensive agriculture
Issues related to diversification of farm labour from land-based employment to other productive employmentThe economic productivity of shifting cultivation
Environmental concerns often associated with shifting cultivation
Practicability of retaining shifting cultivation
Alternatives to shifting cultivation
Nationalization of all land under shifting cultivation
Improvement to the existing shifting cultivation system
Combining forestry and food production
Conversion to permanent cultivated landAPPENDIX A - Rainfall, Temperature and Cropping Calendar
Determinants of the cropping calendar
Yields and cropping intensities
APPENDIX B - Livestock Husbandry
APPENDIX C - Forest Productivity and Sustained Yield Estimates
APPENDIX D - The Calendar of Activities for Shifting Cultivation
List of Maps, Tables and Figures
MAP. Administrative map of Bhutan
Map 3. Pema Gatshel district infrastructure map
Map 4. Districts with shifting cultivation problem
Map 5. Uni Chu pilot demonstration watershed
TABLE 1: NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS, ESTIMATED POPULATION AND POPULATION DENSITY
TABLE 3: LANDHOLDING PER HOUSEHOLD IN PEMA GATSHEL DISTRICT (Average household has seven members)
TABLE 4: BLOCKWISE LANDHOLDINGS BY HOUSEHOLD IN PEMA GATSHEL (Average household has seven members)
TABLE 5: PERCENTAGE HOME CONSUMPTION AND SALE OF THE MAJOR FARM PRODUCE
TABLE 6: DISTRIBUTION OF TSHERI LAND (percentage of households)
TABLE 7: CROPPING MIXES FOR TSHERI FIELDS IN PEMA GATSHEL
TABLE 8: LAND EVALUATION GUIDELINES FOR CONVERSION FROM TSHERI TO KAMSHING
TABLE 9: TREATMENT-ORIENTED LAND CAPABILITY SCHEME FOR MOUNTAINOUS AREAS
TABLE 10: MEAN MONTHLY RAINFALL AT SOME SELECTED STATIONS (in millimetres)
TABLE 11: MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM TEMPERATURES AT SELECTED STATIONS (degrees Celsius)
TABLE 12: YIELD OF MAJOR CROPS
TABLE 13: YIELD OF MAJOR HORTICULTURAL CROPS
TABLE 14: CROPPING INTENSITY BY REGION
TABLE 15: FOREST COVER DISTRIBUTION IN BHUTAN
TABLE 16: GROWING STOCK AND YIELD
TABLE 17: ACTIVITY CALENDAR FOR SHIFTING CULTIVATORS
TABLE 18: LIST OF WOODY LEGUMES FOR POSSIBLE TRIAL
Photo 1. A view of Nangkor, Khangma and Vurung villages.
Photo 2. Terrace cultivation in Zobel village.
Photo 3: Local breed of cattle.
Photo 5: Maize cultivation in Pangshing.